KCNA - Kubernetes Fundamentals - Section 1.4

Describe containers, container images, and the runtime standards Kubernetes depends on.

Image layers and registries, the OCI image and runtime specifications, the Container Runtime Interface, and runtimes such as containerd and CRI-O. Also the practical distinction between a container image and a running container.

OCI image specificationOCI runtime specificationContainer Runtime Interface (CRI)containerdCRI-Oimage layers and registries

Practice question for this objective

Free sampleKubernetes Fundamentalseasy

A developer asks what the Open Container Initiative (OCI) image specification actually standardises, as opposed to the OCI runtime specification. Which statement correctly distinguishes the image specification's role?

  • AIt defines the gRPC API the kubelet uses to pull images from a registry
  • BIt defines the format for packaging an image as layers, a manifest, and a configuration so any tool can build, store, and pull it Correct
  • CIt defines how a running container is isolated at runtime using namespaces and cgroups
  • DIt defines how registries authenticate users and enforce image signing policies
The OCI image specification standardises the image artifact format (layers, manifest, config) so images are portable across tools and registries. The OCI image specification describes how an image is packaged as a set of content-addressable layers plus a manifest and configuration, which is what allows an image built by one tool to be stored in any registry and run by any conformant runtime.

Why A is wrong: This conflates the OCI image spec with the Container Runtime Interface; image pulling is coordinated through CRI, and the OCI image spec does not define any kubelet gRPC API.

Why B is correct: The OCI image spec standardises the on-disk and registry format (layers, manifest, config), which is exactly what makes images portable across build tools, registries, and runtimes.

Why C is wrong: Namespace and cgroup isolation is a runtime concern closer to the OCI runtime spec and the kernel, not the image format, so this describes the wrong OCI specification.

Why D is wrong: Authentication and signing are handled by registry and supply-chain tooling rather than the OCI image spec, which describes the image artifact format itself, not access control.

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