CIA-2 - Information Gathering, Analysis, and Evaluation - Section B.5

Apply analytical review techniques, including ratio, variance, trend, and benchmarking analysis of financial and nonfinancial information, and determine the appropriate technique for the engagement's objectives.

Analyse ratios, variances, trends, and benchmarking results across both financial and nonfinancial information to identify relationships or changes that warrant further investigation. Determine which analytical technique best achieves a given engagement's objectives, recognising that different techniques surface different kinds of anomalies or trends.

Ratio analysisVariance analysisTrend analysisBenchmarking

Practice question for this objective

Free sampleInformation Gathering, Analysis, and Evaluationmedium

An internal auditor wants to assess whether a manufacturing division's cost performance is reasonable by comparing its unit production costs against the average unit costs achieved by comparable divisions in peer organisations. Which analytical review technique does this comparison represent?

  • ATrend analysis, because the auditor is examining how the division's unit costs behave across successive reporting periods over time.
  • BRatio analysis, because the auditor is computing the relationship between two financial statement line items within the division's accounts.
  • CBenchmarking analysis, because the auditor is measuring the division's performance against an external comparable standard drawn from peer organisations. Correct
  • DVariance analysis, because the auditor is quantifying the gap between the division's budgeted costs and its actual recorded costs.
Benchmarking compares an entity's performance against an external comparable standard, distinguishing it from trend, ratio, and variance techniques. The defining feature of benchmarking is the external reference point: performance is judged against comparable peer or industry standards rather than against the entity's own history, its internal ratios, or its own budget, which is what separates it from the other three techniques.

Why A is wrong: Tempting because both techniques evaluate performance, but trend analysis studies one entity's data across time periods, whereas this comparison is against external peers at a point in time.

Why B is wrong: Tempting because unit cost is a ratio, but ratio analysis interprets internal relationships, while the pivot here is the external peer comparison that defines benchmarking.

Why C is correct: Correct: benchmarking compares an entity's metrics to an external reference point such as peer or industry performance to judge whether results are reasonable.

Why D is wrong: Tempting because it also measures a difference, but variance analysis compares actual against a plan or budget, not against external peer performance standards.

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