CISSP - Security and Risk Management - Section 1.2

Understand and apply core security concepts including confidentiality, integrity, availability, authenticity, and non-repudiation.

Define the CIA triad - confidentiality, integrity, and availability - alongside authenticity and non-repudiation as the five pillars of information security. Recognise how each pillar maps to specific controls, and identify which pillar is violated when a given attack or failure scenario occurs.

CIA triadauthenticitynon-repudiation5 Pillars of Information Security

Practice question for this objective

Free sampleSecurity and Risk Managementeasy

A hospital's electronic health record system calculates a cryptographic hash of each patient record on save, stores the hash separately, and re-verifies it on every read. Which CIA triad property is this control PRIMARILY designed to assure?

  • AConfidentiality, because hashing scrambles the underlying patient data so that only authorised clinicians can recover it.
  • BAvailability, because the verification step ensures the patient record can always be retrieved during a clinical workflow.
  • CIntegrity, because a verified hash on every read detects any unauthorised modification of the stored patient record. Correct
  • DAuthenticity, because the hash establishes which clinician originally created the patient record being read.
Distinguish integrity controls such as cryptographic hashing from confidentiality, availability, and authenticity protections within the CIA triad. Cryptographic hashes are designed so that any change to the input, however small, produces a different output. Storing a trusted hash and recomputing it on each read lets the system compare values and detect modification, which directly supports the integrity property of the CIA triad without addressing disclosure, uptime, or identity binding.

Why A is wrong: A cryptographic hash is a one-way function and does not conceal the underlying record; the record itself remains stored in readable form. Confidentiality would require encryption, not hashing.

Why B is wrong: Availability concerns whether the record is reachable when needed. Hash verification can actually block access if the hash fails, so the control does not primarily target availability.

Why C is correct: Integrity is the assurance that data has not been altered in an unauthorised way. Comparing a stored hash to a freshly computed hash on each read is a standard integrity-checking mechanism, so any tampering will be detected.

Why D is wrong: A plain hash carries no identity information about the author. Authenticity of authorship would require a digital signature or another binding to a verified identity.

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