NCA-GENM - Data Analysis and Visualization - Section 5.3

Apply PDF extraction using OCR.

Apply optical character recognition (OCR) to extract text and structured data from PDF documents and scanned images. Recognise the additional preprocessing steps - such as deskewing, binarisation, and layout detection - that improve OCR accuracy on complex document layouts.

OCR

Practice question for this objective

Free sampleData Analysis and Visualizationeasy

A data engineer receives a batch of scanned insurance forms saved as PDF files. The text layer is absent from all files. Which processing step is required before these documents can be passed to a large language model for information extraction?

  • ARun a diffusion-based image enhancement model to upscale the scanned pages before ingestion.
  • BApply optical character recognition to convert the rasterised page images into a plain-text representation. Correct
  • CUse a CLIP-based embedding model to index the page images by semantic similarity before retrieval.
  • DParse the PDF cross-reference table to locate embedded font descriptors and reconstruct the character stream.
Identify when OCR is required to extract usable text from scanned PDF documents for LLM processing. Scanned PDFs are essentially image containers - each page is stored as a raster bitmap with no underlying text layer. Optical character recognition analyses pixel patterns to identify characters and outputs a text string. Only after OCR produces that text can a downstream LLM receive, tokenise, and reason over the document content. Digitally-created PDFs, by contrast, embed a text stream that can be extracted directly without OCR.

Why A is wrong: Upscaling improves visual resolution but does not produce a machine-readable text layer; the LLM still receives no extractable text without an OCR step.

Why B is correct: Scanned PDFs contain only pixel data with no embedded text. OCR analyses the image and outputs a character sequence, producing the text layer an LLM can consume.

Why C is wrong: CLIP enables image-text similarity search but does not extract the document text itself; downstream LLM prompting still lacks the raw text content from the forms.

Why D is wrong: Font descriptor parsing applies to digitally-created PDFs that embed a text layer; scanned documents store pages as raster images and have no font or character stream to parse.

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